Neuromuscular DISEASES (NMDs) affect muscle function directly or indirectly by affecting nerves or neuromuscular junctions. One of the leading causes of death in patients with NMD is respiratory muscle weakness (RMW). Respiratory involvement in patients with NMD can manifest widely, from mild failure that may initially affect only sleep to severe failure that can be life-threatening. Care approaches include arranged and precise clinical follow-ups of signs of sleep-disordered breathing, daytime hypoventilation, coughing, and swallowing disturbances. This manuscript will review the mechanisms and abnormalities of respiratory function in patients with NMD and help optimize NMD management.

Presence of ~3000 known different compounds in human exhaled breath are reported concentrations there are changing in different DISEASES and can be used as biomarkers. This review (consisting of 58 papers) focused on the available knowledge on exhaled biomarkers mainly nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, aldehydes and hydrocarbons. Nitric oxide has been used in many PULMONARY inflammatory DISEASES including asthma, chronic obstructive PULMONARY disease (COPD), diagnosis of atopic asthma and chronic cough as well as monitoring is of corticosteroid therapy. Hydrogen peroxide is increased in asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cystic fibrosis, COPD, lung cancer and also in systematic disease such as breast cancer and rhumatic arthritis. Exhaled aldehydes is monitoring also useful for the oxidative stress. An inverse correlation was observed between malondialdehyde and FEV1. Hydrocarbons, such as benzene and toluene, are increasing in lung cancer, cardiac transplant rejection, asthma, rhumatic arthritis, acute myocardial infarction and schisophrenia. Monitoring of exhaled biomarkers is a non-invasie, repeatable, real time measurment and applicable to children. Therefore, investigations on exhaled biomarkers have attracted more attention in respiratory medicine, and development of sensitive and specific analytical methods is highly demanding.

Aim: There is an increasing of prevalence of chronic obstructive PULMONARY DISEASES (COPD). A lot of researches have shown the relation between periodontal and some kinds of systemic disease. To determine the relation between periodontal disease and COPD this research was performed on patients in Labafinejad hospital and their match control group at 2001-2002.Method & Material: In this case-control study, test group consisted of patients with diagnosed COPD and control group was selected same as test group except for having COPD. Periodontal examination was done which was included: Pocket Depth measurement (PD), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Probing Attachment Loss (PAL) and plaque index (Loe and Silness). By use of statistical analysis, the above measurements were interpreted.Results: This study was done on 130 attendants totally, 65 persons in each group. The group (case and control) were matched based on age, gender, smoking, socio-economic condition. In the control group, 9.2% and in the test group 29.2.% had PD>3mm (P<0.05) that means COPD patients were 3.4 times more at risk of PD>3mm. In the control and test group, BOP were 49.5±11.7 and 63.5±15.2 (P<0.0001) respectively and COPD patients are 1.8 times more at risk of gingival bleeding in comparison to the control group. PAL>2mm in the control and test group were 61.5% and 80% respectively (P<0.02) that means in COPD patients there is 2.5 times more risk to have PAL>2mm than the control group. Moderate and advanced PI in the control and test group were 24.6% and 44.6% (P<0.02) respectively which shows COPD patients are 2.47 times more at risk of moderate and advance PI.Conclusion: There is a direct relation between periodontal disease and COPD. We recommend an experimental study to show the efficacy of periodontal treatment on progression and prognosis of COPD.

2Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, lung DISEASES are the third cause of death in the world. These DISEASES are chronic, so early diagnosis of these DISEASES is very important. PULMONARY function tests are important tools in examining and monitoring patients with respiratory injuries. This research aimed to optimize the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm, which facilitates and accelerates self-assessment and interpretation of spirometry test results with higher accuracy. Method: In this study, a method is proposed that improves the limitations of the basic algorithm by optimizing, valuing features, and weighted voting. Using this method, obstructive PULMONARY DISEASES are detected based on the data set of spirometry tests, and general parameters are classified into three categories, namely, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Results: In determining the appropriate method for calculating the data distance, the Minkowski method was chosen, and by applying the coefficients of the feature values, the accuracy of the classification increased. Weighted voting was done in the final part of the algorithm based on the Gaussian kernel, based on which a constant performance was obtained for changing the parameter of the number of neighbors. The results of the evaluations were carried out in the form of mutual validation. 95. 4% accuracy and 93. 2% precision were obtained in 3. 12 seconds. Conclusion: The use of machine learning algorithms can be effective in the analysis of medical data. Therefore, in this study, these approaches were used to provide a new method of classification, so that the proposed algorithm could improve the basic method, and also, had better accuracy and performance than other previous methods.

Activity-related dyspnoea is the most common symptom of patients with chronic lung DISEASES and underpins perceived poor health status. Our understanding of the nature and source of dyspnoea continues to grow but successful amelioration of this distressing symptom can remain elusive, especially in those with advanced lung DISEASES.According to Norman Jones, the great Canadian physiologist, "breathlessness can be seen to result from an imbalance between the demand for breathing and the ability to achieve the demand." Indeed, in most clinical situations where patients report severe dyspnoea, ventilatory demand-capacity imbalance is present. Thus, in patients with chronic lung conditions, ventilatory demand reaches or exceeds maximal ventilatory capacity (MVC) during physical exertion. Similarly, the ratio of respiratory muscle effort (measured by esophageal manometry) to maximal possible respiratory effort is increased at a given work rate or ventilation in patients with lung disease versus healthy controls...

Background: Tuberculosis is a global public health problem in the world. Microscopy of sputum smears is the most widely used method for diagnosing tuberculosis. However, many patients are smears negative for acid fast bacilli. Regarding the pathogenesis of the disease, the effectiveness of interferon-g (IFN-g) in bronchoalveolar fluid was investigated for the disease diagnosis.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed at the Ali Ibn-e-Abitaleb hospital, Zahedan, between 2010 and 2012, to assess the role of IFN-g level in bronchoalveolar lavage in distinguishing tuberculosis from other PULMONARY DISEASES. In patients who required fiberoptic bronchoscopy as indicated, bronchoalveolar lavage was analyzed in terms of smear acid-fast staining and cytology. The participants were divided into TB patients group (the BK smear of bronchoalveolar fluid or the culture was positive) and PULMONARY non-TB patients group (the smear was negative). Yet non-TB disease was definitively diagnosed by other means, as well. The fluid in each group was examined in terms of IFN-g. Then, Mean IFN-g levels in BALF were measured in these groups and then compared with each other.Results: Eighty eight patients were enrolled in the study among which, 31 cases had TB and 57 patients suffered from PULMONARY non-TB disease. Mean IFN-g was 2.85±4.17 pg/mL in PULMONARY TB patients and 2.21±1.21 pg/mL in PULMONARY non-TB patients.Conclusion: Lack of significant differences between the two groups in IFN-g indicate that this factor is not suitable for diagnosis of tuberculosis and differentiating it from other PULMONARY DISEASES.

Organoids are a miniature, simplified version of a human organ that are produced in three dimensions in the laboratory and show the true anatomical array. These organelles originate from one or more cells-embryonic stem cells or induced multipotent stem cells-that can organize themselves in three-dimensional culture media. The use of stem cells due to the unlimited capacity of tissue division and regeneration is a great promise as a therapeutic tool. These three-dimensional models of human tissue can be used to test drugs before they are tested on humans. Lung organoids are one of the different types of organoids that, like other organoids, can be formed through a process of self-organizing stem cells or specific parts of an organ. These organoids can also be utilized as a useful tool for screening drugs and vaccines for infections such as the novel SARS-COV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of lung organoids in the treatment of PULMONARY DISEASES.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) as a chronic disease could lead to micro-and macrovascular disorder. Also, some evidence demonstrated that PULMONARY involvement is more frequent in DM patients than the healthy population. Hence, we tried to perform a systematic search to considering PULMONARY disease among the DM patients. Articles were identified through searching databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Sciences, Embase and Scopus from 2000 to 2016. We reviewed systematically all studies reporting PULMONARY disease among the diabetic patients. A total of 452 relevant records were identified by the electronic search, of which a total of 19 studies were identified as eligible papers that were original articles for the frequency of PULMONARY disease among patients with DM. The incidence of PULMONARY DISEASES has reported among diabetic patients that TB was reported to have a higher frequency when compared to other PULMONARY disorder in diabetic patients. Therefore, conducting further studies on these two disorders is recommended, particularly in regions where the incidence of diabetes is increasing rapidly, and tuberculosis remains endemic.